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Palk Strait

Coordinates: 10°00′N 79°45′E / 10.000°N 79.750°E / 10.000; 79.750
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Palk Strait
Palk Strait separating Palk Bay from the Gulf of Mannar
Location of the strait between India and Sri Lanka
Location of the strait between India and Sri Lanka
Palk Strait
Bathymetry of the Palk Strait, with water depth in metres
LocationBay of Bengal–Laccadive Sea
Coordinates10°00′N 79°45′E / 10.000°N 79.750°E / 10.000; 79.750
TypeStrait
EtymologyRobert Palk
Basin countriesIndia, Sri Lanka
Max. length137 km (85 mi)
Max. width137 km (85 mi)
Min. width64 km (40 mi)
Max. depth35 m (115 ft)
SettlementsRameswaram
Jaffna

Palk Strait is a strait between the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It connects the Palk Bay in the Bay of Bengal in the north with the Gulf of Mannar in the Laccadive sea in the south. It stretches for about 137 km (85 mi) and is 64 to 137 km (40 to 85 mi) wide. It is named after Robert Palk, who was a governor of Madras (1755–1763) during the Company Raj period.

Several rivers including the Vaigai flow into the strait. The strait consists of many islands and is interspersed with a chain of low islands and reef shoals that are collectively called Ram Setu or Adam's bridge. The shallow waters and reefs make it difficult for large ships to pass through, although fishing boats and small craft navigate the waters. Dredging the sea to make it deeper for navigation and plans for a bridge over the waters have been proposed.

Geography

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Gulf of Mannar

The Palk strait extends between Pamban island in the south eastern tip of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Thalaimannar in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It connects the Palk Bay in the Bay of Bengal in the north with the Gulf of Mannar in the Laccadive sea in the south. It stretches for about 137 km (85 mi) and is 64 to 137 km (40 to 85 mi) wide. Several rivers including the Vaigai flow into the strait.[1]

The strait consists of many islands and is interspersed with a chain of low islands and reef shoals that are collectively called Ram Setu or Adam's bridge.[2] As per the Hindu epic Ramayana, the bridge was purportedly constructed by the vanara army of Rama to rescue Rama's wife Sita from the Asura king Ravana.[3] The strait is relatively shallow with the region around the shoals typically around 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) deep, while the central part of the strait is typically around 20 m (66 ft) deep. The strait reaches a maximum depth of 35 m (115 ft).[4]

Geology

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Due to lowered sea levels during the Last Glacial Period (115,000-11,700 years Before Present) where sea levels reached a maximum of 120 m (390 ft) below present values, the entirety of the relatively shallow strait was exposed as dry land. Following the rise to present sea levels during the Holocene, by around 7,000 years ago, the strait became submerged.[4] The waves around it, to its north and south are of high contrast. To the north, the waves in the Bay of Bengal are mostly swells while that on the south, in the Palk Bay, the waves are mostly smaller wind waves.[5] The significant wave heights is relatively low with an average of around 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) close to the Ram Setu.[6]

Transport and navigation

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The shallow waters and reefs make it difficult for large ships to pass through, although fishing boats and small craft navigate the waters. Dredging the sea to make it deeper for navigation and plans for a bridge over the waters have been proposed.[7] Construction of a shipping canal through the strait was first proposed to the British government of India in 1860, and a number of commissions have studied the proposal. The latest of which was the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project was commissioned by the Government of India in 2005.[8] However, the plan encountered opposition on religious grounds.[9]

The island of Rameswaram is linked to the Indian mainland by the Pamban Bridge, which was opened for traffic on 24 February 1914.[10] A new railway bridge was completed near the old Pamban Bridge in 2024 after rail transportation on the old bridge was suspended permanently in February 2023 due to concerns on stability of the bridge.[11][12] An adjacent road bridge was opened in 1988.[13] Trains used to traverse from Madras to Dhanushkodi at the southern tip of the Pamban island and a ferry connected to Talaimannar on the Mannar Island, before a train carried passengers to Colombo. The railway line to Dhanushkodi was destroyed during 1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone along with the Pamban-Dhanuskodi passenger train, killing around 200 people.[14] The ferry service continued till the 1970s between Rameswaram and Talaimannar, but was discontinued, and was reopened in 2011.[15] Palk Strait bridge, was an undersea tunnel linking India and Sri Lanka proposed to be constructed across the Palk Strait.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Palk Strait". Britannica. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  2. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Palk Straits" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 635.
  3. ^ "Ram Setu". Britannica. 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b Dubey, K.M.; Chaubey, A.K.; Gaur, A.S.; Joglekar, M.V. (January 2023). "Evolution of Ramasetu region as a link between India and Sri Lanka during the late Pleistocene and Holocene". Quaternary Research. 111: 166–176. doi:10.1017/qua.2022.41. ISSN 0033-5894.
  5. ^ Kumar, Sanil (9 August 2017). "Observation on dominance of swells over wind-seas in the coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar, India". Ocean Science Discussions. doi:10.5194/os-2017-16-ac1.
  6. ^ George, victor; Kumar, V. Sanil (October 2019). "Wind-wave measurements and modelling in the shallow semi-enclosed Palk Bay". Ocean Engineering. 189: 106401. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106401. ISSN 0029-8018. S2CID 203096484.
  7. ^ "Harnessing the Troubled Waters: Sethusamudram Canal Project". IPCS. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  8. ^ Brunn, Stanley D. (19 March 2011). Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 298–299. ISBN 978-90-481-9920-4. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  9. ^ "Hanuman bridge is myth: Experts". The Times of India. 19 October 2002. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  10. ^ "Pamban bridge: 10 awesome facts about India's first sea bridge - Pamban bridge: India's first sea bridge". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Rail traffic on old Pamban bridge permanently stopped". The Hindu. 3 February 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  12. ^ "Ministry of Railways confirms New Bridge in Pamban". Press108. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  13. ^ Datta, Rangan (1 February 2023). "Rameswaram: A holy island town along India's southern borderland". My Kolkata. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  14. ^ Jaishankar, C. (17 July 2006). "Their sentiment to metre gauge train is unfathomable". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
  15. ^ "Sri Lanka, India to relaunch ferry service after three decades". Pakistan Today. Reuters. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  16. ^ Hegadekatti, Kartik (6 January 2016). "Tunnel from India to Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
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